Gardner gun

The Gardner gun was an early type of mechanical machine gun. It had one, two or five barrels, was fed from a vertical magazine or hopper and was operated by a crank. When the crank was turned, a feed arm positioned a cartridge in the breech, the bolt closed and the weapon fired. Turning the crank further opened the breechblock and extracted the spent case.

Development

The Gardner machine gun was invented in 1874 by William Gardner of Toledo, Ohio, formerly a captain in the Union Army during the American Civil War. After producing a prototype he went to the Pratt and Whitney company, who after a year of development produced a military version of the weapon.

A demonstration to officers at the United States Navy yard in 1875 was successful, however they recommended that Pratt and Whitney continue with development of the system, incorporating improvements to the feed system, which were designed by E. G. Parkhurst, an engineer at Pratt and Whitney. The army attended the tests, but showed no interest in the weapon.

Parkhurst added many improvements to the gun's firing mechanism which made it more reliable. During 1877 additional tests took place with a .45 calibre (11.4 mm) version of the weapon, which determined its muzzle velocity to be 1,280 feet per second (390 m/s).

On 17 June 1879 a further demonstration was carried out at the Navy Yard, during which the weapon was presented by Francis A. Pratt and Amos Whitney. The weapon fired a total of 10,000 rounds during the test, taking a total elapsed time of 27 minutes 36 seconds, with breaks between firing to resolve an issue with one of the extractors. While the test was not without issues the weapon managed to fire 4,722 rounds before the first stoppage,^[1] and after the stoppage was resolved it fired approximately 5,000 rounds without incident.

On 15 January and 17 March 1880 duplicate tests were conducted at Sandy Hook proving ground in front of an Army review board. The weapon performed well, and they recommended that the Army buy a limited number for field evaluation, noting the low cost of the weapon. However the Army declined to purchase.

At this point, the British Royal Navy, which had successfully deployed the Gatling gun, became interested in the weapon, and Gardner was invited to England to exhibit his invention. The Admiralty were so impressed by the demonstrations that they adopted the weapon and purchased the rights to produce it in England. Gardner remained in England to supervise the construction of the weapons.

The British Army then took an interest in machine guns and after a series of trials selected the Gardner gun. During these tests a five-barrelled Gardner gun fired 16,754 rounds before a failure occurred, with only 24 stoppages. When operator-induced errors were taken into account, there were only four malfunctions in 10,000 rounds fired. The Army adopted the weapon, although its introduction was delayed because of opposition from the Royal Artillery. It saw action in the Mahdist War (in Sudan), notably at the Battle of Abu Klea, where its mechanism proved vulnerable to desert sand and dust blowing about.

There was also the .577/450 Martini–Henry calibre Bira gun,^[2] based upon the Gardner gun but with dual barrels, an overhead drum magazine, and designed in Nepal.^[3]

It is noted that the Bira was only ever produced in very small numbers. These are extremely rare and a wonderful example of Victorian firepower. An American company, International Military Antiques, found a limited number of these exceptionally scarce weapons in the Old Palace of Lagan Silekhana in Kathmandu, Nepal, which were included with the purchase of over 50,000 antique firearms from the Royal Nepalese Army in 2003. There is controversy, as the arms cache had to tranship through India and questions remain as to the purchase.

Users

Conflicts

War of The Pacific^[11]

Mahdist War

First Matabele War^[14]

First Sino-Japanese War^[12]

World War I^[5]

References

Notes

^ An initial warm-up burst of 200, followed by 1,000 rounds, followed by 431 rounds, followed by 3,071 rounds.
^ Shaksham, S. "Rarest gun in the history; Bira Gun". BuzzFeedNepal. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^ Dahal, Phanindra (25 August 2011). "Lost history: Gehendra-made guns sold off to US company". The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Rifle Caliber Artillery: The Gardner Battery Gun" (PDF).
^ ^a ^b augfc. "FIREARMS CURIOSA". Tumblr. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "LA ARTILLERÍA EN LA GUERRA DEL PACÍFICO" (PDF).
^ Parliamentary Debates: Official Report ; ... Session of the ... Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Cox & Baylis. 1885. pp. 1709–1711. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
^ Famae, Administrador. "Historia de las Fábricas y Maestranzas del Ejército – FAMAE". Retrieved 2023-01-04.
^ McLachlan, Sean (20 September 2011). Armies of the Adowa Campaign 1896: The Italian Disaster in Ethiopia. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 39, 43. ISBN 978-1-84908-938-8.
^ "Gardner gun in Holland -". The Firearm Blog. 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
^ ^a ^b Esposito, Gabriele (2016). Armies of the War of the Pacific 1879-83 : Chile, Peru & Bolivia. Giuseppe Rava. Oxford. ISBN 978-1-4728-1406-7. OCLC 956263929.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b Esposito, Gabriele (2022). Armies of the first Sino-Japanese War 1894-95. Giuseppe Rava. Oxford. ISBN 978-1-4728-5130-7. OCLC 1350351894.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Gardner Home". www.victorianshipmodels.com. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
^ "South African Military History Society - Journal - THE ORDNANCE AND MACHINE GUNS OF THE BSAC Part One: 1889-1891". www.samilitaryhistory.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.

Bibliography

George M. Chinn, The Machine Gun. History, Evolution, and Development of Manual, Automatic, and Airborne Repeating Weapons, Volume I.

External links

Handbook for Gardner and Nordenfelt rifle calibre machine guns. 1889, 1891 at State Library of Victoria
Handbook for the 0.45" Gardner gun (5 barrels), 1884 at State Library of Victoria
Handbook for the 0.45" Gardner gun (2 barrels) 1886, 1894 at State Library of Victoria
Handbook for the 0.303" Nordenfelt 3-barrel, and Gardner 2-barrel, converted from 0.4 and 0.45" M.H. chamber (magazine rifle chamber) : mounted on carriages, field, machine gun, infantry and carriage, parapet, machine gun. London : H.M.S.O. 1900
Diagram of 2 Barrel Gardner on Field Carriage (converted Gatling) from Victorian Forts and Artillery website
Gardnerguns.com - History
Gardnerguns.com - Patents
An Illustrated Treatise On Ammunition And Ordnance: British 1880-1960
The .450 Bira Gun, a late nepalese copy of the Gardner Gun
Rifle Caliber Artillery: The Gardner Battery Gun (downloadable PDF file) James W. Alley's article on the Gardner Gun for the American Society of Arms Collectors Bulletin No. 89
Gardner Gun Animations History, technical description and animations (Requires QuickTime, and not suitable for slow-speed links)

[1879firingtest-1] An initial warm-up burst of 200, followed by 1,000 rounds, followed by 431 rounds, followed by 3,071 rounds.

[2] Shaksham, S. "Rarest gun in the history; Bira Gun". BuzzFeedNepal. Retrieved 1 April 2019.

[3] Dahal, Phanindra (25 August 2011). "Lost history: Gehendra-made guns sold off to US company". The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved 28 August 2016.

[:1-4] "Rifle Caliber Artillery: The Gardner Battery Gun" (PDF).

[:0-5] ugfc. "FIREARMS CURIOSA". Tumblr. Retrieved 2022-12-01.

[6] "LA ARTILLERÍA EN LA GUERRA DEL PACÍFICO" (PDF).

[7] Parliamentary Debates: Official Report ; ... Session of the ... Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Cox & Baylis. 1885. pp. 1709–1711. Retrieved 27 November 2023.

[8] Famae, Administrador. "Historia de las Fábricas y Maestranzas del Ejército – FAMAE". Retrieved 2023-01-04.

[9] McLachlan, Sean (20 September 2011). Armies of the Adowa Campaign 1896: The Italian Disaster in Ethiopia. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 39, 43. ISBN 978-1-84908-938-8.

[10] "Gardner gun in Holland -". The Firearm Blog. 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2022-11-29.

[:2-11] Esposito, Gabriele (2016). Armies of the War of the Pacific 1879-83 : Chile, Peru & Bolivia. Giuseppe Rava. Oxford. ISBN 978-1-4728-1406-7. OCLC 956263929.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[:3-12] Esposito, Gabriele (2022). Armies of the first Sino-Japanese War 1894-95. Giuseppe Rava. Oxford. ISBN 978-1-4728-5130-7. OCLC 1350351894.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[13] "Gardner Home". www.victorianshipmodels.com. Retrieved 2022-12-01.

[14] "South African Military History Society - Journal - THE ORDNANCE AND MACHINE GUNS OF THE BSAC Part One: 1889-1891". www.samilitaryhistory.org. Retrieved 2022-12-01.

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v t e British Empire naval weapons of the Victorian era
Smoothbore muzzle-loading cannons	18-pounder 24-pounder 32-pounder 55 cwt 32-pounder gun 68-pounder Somerset cannon
Smoothbore muzzle-loading shell guns	8-inch 10-inch 86 cwt
Mortars	10-inch Blomefield 13-inch Blomefield
Howitzers	12-pounder Millar 24-pounder Millar
Rifled breechloaders (Armstrong)	RBL 9 pounder RBL 20-pounder RBL 40-pounder RBL 7-inch 110-pounder
Rifled muzzle-loaders (Lancaster)	68-pounder Lancaster gun
Rifled muzzle-loaders (converted)	RML 64-pounder 71 cwt
Rifled muzzle-loaders (Woolwich)	RML 9-pounder 8 cwt RML 64-pounder 64 cwt RML 7-inch RML 8-inch RML 9-inch RML 10-inch RML 11-inch RML 12-inch 25-ton RML 12-inch 35-ton RML 12.5-inch RML 16-inch
Breech-loaders (new pattern)	BL 4-inch BL 5-inch BL 6-inch 80-pounder BL 6-inch Mk II – VI BL 8-inch BL 9.2-inch Mk I – VII BL 9.2-inch Mk VIII BL 10-inch BL 12-inch Mk I – VII BL 12-inch Mk VIII BL 13.5-inch BL 16.25-inch
Quick-firing guns	QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss QF 6-pounder Nordenfelt QF 12-pounder 12 cwt Mk I QF 4-inch QF 4.7-inch QF 6-inch
Light weapons	Gatling gun Gardner gun Nordenfelt gun 1-inch Nordenfelt gun
Torpedoes	Whitehead torpedo

v t e Italian firearms and light weapons of World War I
Pistols	Glisenti Modello 1910 Brixia Mod. 1913 Bodeo Mod. 1889 Beretta M1915 Beretta M1917
Rifles and carbines	Carcano Mod. 91 Vetterli-Vitali Mod. 1870/87 Vetterli-Vitali Mod. 1870/87/16
Submachine guns	Carabinetta Automatica O.V.P FIAT Mod.1915
Machine guns and other heavy weapons	Fiat-Revelli Mod. 1914 Perino Mod. 1908 SIA Mod. 1918 Gardner M1886 Nordenfelt Mod. 1884 Lanciafiamme Schilt 1 Lanciafiamme Schilt 2 Lanciafiamme Schilt 3bis Lanciafiamme DLF Lanciafiamme tipo italiano Lanciafiamme Hersent-Thiriont
hand grenades and rifle grenades	Aasen tipo A2 Aasen tipo C Aasen da fucile Baldari Benaglia Besozzi BPD Carasco Bertone Excelsior-Thévenot P2 Lenticolare M14 Lenticolare Minucciani Petardo Thévenot Petardo Stobi PO/PD/PI SIPE Spaccamela Vivien Bessiere
Cartridge	6,5 × 52 mm Mannlicher-Carcano 7,63 × 25 mm Mauser 7,65 × 17 mm Browning 9 × 19 mm Glisenti 10,35 × 20 mm 10,35 × 47 mm R 8 × 50 mm R Lebel 8 × 50 mm R Mannlicher